![]() In this case, "always" is universal quantifier) which doesn't tell us anything about whether the subject is currently lying or not, and if the subject ever told the truth even once (which is likely), then the statement is just plain false, not a paradox. The negation of the statement isn't "I never lie" (which is the case in propositional logic and which would cause the paradox), but "I don't always lie," (in first order logic, trying to negate sentence with universal quantifier will result in negative sentence with existential quantifier. Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords: On Korriban, you find a computer terminal that has a test for trainee Sith which has the question "Which of these is not a paradox?" One of the answer choices is "I always lie." It's also the correct answer thanks to Exact Words (and if the player thinks in terms of first order /predicate logic instead of propositional logic).In Doctor Who, during the story " The Green Death", the Third Doctor manages to stump an insane computer called BOSS with the question "If I were to tell you that the next thing I say would be true, but the last thing I said was a lie, would you believe me?" However after some looping, BOSS decides the question was irrelevant.(smoke pours from Norman's head and ears as his brain breaks down) Kirk: I am not programmed to respond in that area. cannot for you lie - illogical! Illogical! Please explain! You are human! Only humans can explain the behaviour! Please explain! you cannot tell the truth because everything you. if everything you say is a lie, then you are. Mudd: Now listen to this carefully, Norman: I am lying. Everything Harry tells you is a lie, remember that - everything Harry tells you is a lie. You'll be asking me to calculate pi next," and keeps attacking him. Parodied and subverted in the Eighth Doctor Adventures novel Frontier Worlds, in which the Doctor tries the Liar's Paradox on a security robot, which simply snaps, "Get off with you.After snookering Ridcully in a card game, he reminds them that he warned he was an Outrageous Liar.The dwarf Casanunda's business card says he is an "outrageous liar", but if you ask if it's true, he'll deny it.Also in Discworld, the literal-minded omnicidal Auditors of Reality eventually deal with paradoxes by deciding that all statements are either (1) true, (2) false, or (3) bloody stupid.then, since Xeno is himself an Ephebian, this would mean that he himself is a liar and therefore. Ibid: Look, I merely suggested, to indicate the nature of paradox, right, that if Xeno the Ephebian said "All Ephebians are liars-" Xeno: You did! You did! Tell 'em what you said! Xeno: He bloody well accused me of slander! Most instances of the Liar's Paradox involve either a Self-Proclaimed Liar or a Knights and Knaves problem.Ĭontrast Beware the Honest Ones and Crying Wolf. However as it became popularized in fiction, it became the standard-issue Logic Bomb for heroes to use against computers and robots due to the endless paradox loop. ![]() In early works it was often used as a Mind Screw for readers and viewers. The stronger version was formulated by the Greek philosopher Eubulides of Miletus, and indepently by the Indian philosopher Bhartrhari. This version has a logical out (if it is untrue, then the implication is not "All Cretans tell the truth" but "Not all Cretans are liars but this one is"). Its most famous early formulation is ascribed to the Greek philosopher Epimenides, who came from Crete and said "All Cretans are liars". A variant like "Everything I say is a lie" is not a paradox (rather, it means that not everything I say is a lie, but this particular statement is, which is logically sound). A variant can be done with two people, where Alice states Bob is a liar, while Bob states Alice is telling the truth. While the assumption that they are truthful means they are once again lying.and the cycle keeps on going. However in doing so they create a paradox, as under the assumption that they are lying, that means what they just said is a lie and therefore are in fact telling the truth. A presumed liar gives a statement declaring that they are currently lying: "I am lying", "this is a lie". ![]()
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